Senior Manager - UX Design

CVS Health
Full-timeβ€’$130k-261k/year (USD)β€’United States

πŸ“ Job Overview

Job Title: Senior Manager - UX Design

Company: CVS Health

Location: Work At Home-California, United States of America

Job Type: FULL_TIME

Category: User Experience (UX) Design Operations / Product Design

Date Posted: May 27, 2026

Experience Level: 5-10 Years

Remote Status: Remote Solely

πŸš€ Role Summary

  • Lead the strategic vision and execution of user experience (UX) design for consumer-facing digital products, encompassing desktop, native mobile applications, and responsive web interfaces.

  • Drive the end-to-end design process from initial concept and user research through to in-market delivery, ensuring high-quality, user-centered solutions.

  • Foster collaboration among cross-functional teams, including Product Management, Engineering, and other Design leaders, to ensure alignment and successful project outcomes.

  • Mentor and guide a team of UX/UI designers, promoting best practices, continuous improvement, and the development of exceptional design craft.

  • Translate complex user needs and business requirements into elegant, intuitive, and impactful user experiences that enhance customer journeys and drive business objectives.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: While the job title is "Senior Manager - UX Design," the core responsibilities and requirements strongly align with a senior individual contributor or a "Lead" role within a UX Design function, focusing heavily on hands-on design execution and strategic input rather than direct people management of a large team. The emphasis on leading design collaboration sessions and defining design direction suggests a senior contributor who influences strategy and guides others, rather than a traditional people manager. The "Manager" title likely reflects the scope of influence and strategic contribution expected.

πŸ“ˆ Primary Responsibilities

  • Collaborate with Design, Product, and Development managers to ensure cohesive project strategies and user experience alignment across all digital initiatives.

  • Proactively guide and mentor direct reports (or peers, if acting as a lead designer) to ensure the delivery of exceptionally crafted designs and high stakeholder satisfaction.

  • Partner with fellow Design Managers and the Director of UX to shape and advance the overarching user experience strategy for CVS Health's digital platforms.

  • Work closely with Agile leadership to guarantee the Design team's quality, efficiency, and velocity meet the dynamic needs of agile development processes.

  • Develop a profound understanding of customer journeys, personas, and segmentation within the assigned portfolio of projects to inform design decisions.

  • Translate intricate cognitive challenges and complex user flows across multiple projects into elegant, intuitive user experiences delivered across diverse channels.

  • Secure stakeholder buy-in and support for design solutions by clearly articulating the design vision, rationale, and user benefits.

  • Conceptualize, design, and define breakthrough user experiences, drawing inspiration from user research, user goals, and emerging design trends.

  • Define and champion the use of design systems and component-based design principles to ensure consistency and scalability across all digital products.

  • Champion user-centered design philosophy and processes throughout the product development lifecycle, advocating for user needs at every stage.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The responsibilities highlight a blend of strategic leadership, hands-on design execution, and team enablement. The emphasis on "translating complex cognitive challenges" and "defining breakthrough user experiences" points to a role that requires strong problem-solving skills and a deep understanding of human-computer interaction. The requirement to "gain stakeholder support" and "advocate for design decisions" underscores the importance of communication and influencing skills in this role.

πŸŽ“ Skills & Qualifications

Education:

  • Bachelor’s degree in Design (e.g., Graphic Design, Information Design, Product Design), User Experience, Human Factors, or a related field.

Experience:

  • Minimum of 5 years of progressive experience in desktop, native app design, and mobile best practices, with a strong focus on Interaction Design (IxD) and Visual Design.

  • Proven track record of successfully driving and delivering design solutions from initial concept through to in-market implementation.

  • At least 3 years of experience leading design collaboration sessions with a diverse range of stakeholders, including product managers, engineers, and business leaders.

Required Skills:

  • Exceptional portfolio showcasing exceptionally crafted desktop, native app design, and mobile best practices, including IxD and visual design examples.

  • Fluency in Figma for wireframing, prototyping, and high-fidelity design creation.

  • Proven ability to mentor junior designers, providing guidance and fostering their professional growth.

  • Strong understanding of design systems and component-based design principles for scalable and consistent UI development.

  • Deep knowledge of native mobile (iOS/Android) and responsive web platforms, with the ability to design UI solutions tailored to their unique constraints and capabilities.

  • Ability to conceptualize, design, and deliver end-to-end user experiences that meet user needs and business objectives.

  • Skill in communicating user needs and demonstrating how proposed designs effectively address those needs to internal teams and stakeholders.

  • Proficiency in collaborating effectively with designers, strategists, managers, and technologists.

  • Experience collaborating with product owners, scrum masters, and engineering teams within an agile development process.

  • Ability to present to senior stakeholders, build support for UX work initiatives, and direct the work of others.

  • Solid understanding of user-centered design philosophy and process.

  • Hands-on experience with wireframing and prototyping tools beyond Figma.

  • Meticulous attention to detail and a passion for design excellence.

Preferred Skills:

  • Working knowledge of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the design thinking and design delivery process, including its application in user research and experience enhancement.

  • Experience applying data-driven design principles to guide product decisions and influence analytics strategy.

  • Familiarity with user research methodologies and translating research findings into actionable design insights.

  • Experience in healthcare or a related regulated industry, understanding the unique design challenges and compliance requirements.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The requirements emphasize a strong command of core UX/UI design skills, proficiency in industry-standard tools like Figma, and practical experience in translating complex problems into user-friendly solutions. The inclusion of "AI in Design" and "data-driven design principles" as preferred qualifications indicates a forward-thinking approach to UX within CVS Health, suggesting a desire for candidates who can leverage technology and data to inform design strategy.

πŸ“Š Process & Systems Portfolio Requirements

Portfolio Essentials:

  • A comprehensive portfolio that vividly demonstrates a minimum of 5 years of professional UX/UI design experience across desktop, native mobile applications, and responsive web platforms.

  • Showcase exceptionally crafted interaction design (IxD) and visual design examples, highlighting aesthetic quality and functional clarity.

  • Include case studies that detail the end-to-end design process, from initial concept and user research to wireframing, prototyping, user testing, and final implementation.

  • Clearly articulate your role and contributions within each project, especially in collaborative environments.

  • Provide evidence of designing within or contributing to design systems and component-based architectures.

Process Documentation:

  • Examples of how you've defined design direction and communicated complex design rationale to non-design audiences, securing stakeholder buy-in.

  • Case studies illustrating your ability to translate complex cognitive challenges into elegant and intuitive user experiences.

  • Documentation or examples of your collaboration within agile development processes, including interaction with product owners and engineering teams.

  • Evidence of experience in leading design collaboration sessions and mentoring junior designers.

  • Portfolio pieces that showcase a strong understanding of user-centered design philosophy and process, emphasizing how user needs were identified and addressed.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The portfolio is the primary gatekeeper for this role. Candidates must present a curated selection of work that not only showcases design quality but also demonstrates strategic thinking, problem-solving abilities, collaboration skills, and the capacity to navigate complex design challenges within an enterprise environment. The emphasis on "end-to-end design process" and "stakeholder buy-in" is crucial.

πŸ’΅ Compensation & Benefits

Salary Range:

The estimated annual base salary range for this Senior Manager - UX Design position in California is $130,295 to $260,590 USD.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: This salary range is provided by CVS Health and represents the base pay. The actual offer will be determined by various factors including the candidate's experience, education, geographic location, and other relevant qualifications. This range is competitive for a Senior Manager-level UX role in a high-cost-of-living state like California, reflecting the seniority and strategic impact expected.

Benefits:

  • Comprehensive Health Coverage: Medical, dental, and vision insurance plans designed to support the physical well-being of colleagues and their families.

  • Work-Life Balance: Generous paid time off (PTO) to ensure employees can rest and recharge.

  • Financial Security: Retirement savings options, including potential employer matching, to support long-term financial goals.

  • Wellness Initiatives: Access to wellness programs and resources aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle.

  • Performance Incentives: Eligibility for a CVS Health bonus, commission, or short-term incentive program, acknowledging strong performance and contributions.

  • Equity Awards: Potential to receive an award target within the company’s equity award program, aligning employee success with company growth.

  • Additional Resources: Access to various other resources and benefits as detailed on "Benefits Moments" and during the application process.

Working Hours:

This is a full-time position, typically requiring approximately 40 hours per week. While specific hours may vary based on project needs and collaboration requirements with teams in different time zones, CVS Health generally supports a flexible work schedule within the remote work arrangement.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The benefits package is robust, indicating CVS Health's commitment to employee well-being and long-term engagement. The inclusion of performance-based incentives and equity awards suggests a culture that rewards high achievement and contribution.

🎯 Team & Company Context

🏒 Company Culture

Industry: Healthcare. CVS Health is a major player in the healthcare industry, providing a wide range of services including pharmacy, retail, pharmacy benefit management, and health insurance. This context means designs must prioritize accessibility, clarity, trust, and compliance with healthcare regulations.

Company Size: A large enterprise organization, indicated by the extensive job description and benefits package. This implies established processes, significant resources, and opportunities for impact across a broad user base.

Founded: CVS Health has a long history, evolving through acquisitions and organic growth. This suggests a stable environment with a deep understanding of the healthcare market and a commitment to long-term innovation.

Team Structure:

  • The UX Design team likely operates within a larger Product or Digital organization. This role involves collaboration with other Design Managers and the Director of UX, suggesting a structured hierarchy within the design function.

  • The role requires close partnership with Product Managers, Scrum Masters, and Engineering teams, indicating a highly integrated, cross-functional approach to product development.

Methodology:

  • Agile Development: The role explicitly mentions working with agile leadership and collaborating with Scrum Masters and engineering teams, indicating that agile methodologies are central to the product development lifecycle.

  • User-Centered Design (UCD): A strong emphasis on user-centered design philosophy and process is evident, requiring designers to deeply understand user needs and translate them into effective solutions.

  • Data-Driven Design: Preferred qualifications highlight the use of AI in design and applying data-driven principles, suggesting that design decisions are increasingly informed by analytics and user behavior data.

  • Design Systems: Proficiency and ability to work within design systems are critical for maintaining consistency and scalability across a large enterprise.

Company Website: https://www.cvshealth.com/

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: CVS Health's position in the healthcare industry necessitates a design approach that is not only innovative and user-friendly but also trustworthy, accessible, and compliant. The company's large size offers opportunities for significant impact, while the emphasis on agile and data-driven methodologies points to a modern, fast-paced product development environment.

πŸ“ˆ Career & Growth Analysis

Operations Career Level: This role is positioned at a Senior Manager level, signifying a high degree of responsibility and strategic influence within the UX Design function. It requires not only exceptional design craft but also leadership in driving design direction, mentoring others, and influencing stakeholder decisions. This level is typically a stepping stone towards Director-level positions or specialized Principal/Fellow roles within UX.

Reporting Structure: The role reports into higher levels of the UX Design leadership, such as a Director or VP of UX. It involves close collaboration with peer Design Managers and cross-functional managers (Product, Engineering). The emphasis on "leading design collaboration sessions" and "directing the work of others" suggests a leadership capacity, even if not direct people management of a large team.

Operations Impact: The Senior Manager - UX Design plays a critical role in shaping the digital experiences that directly interact with millions of CVS Health customers. Their work directly influences customer satisfaction, engagement, adoption of digital services, and ultimately, the company's ability to simplify healthcare and achieve its business objectives. Effective UX design can lead to increased customer loyalty, reduced support costs, and improved health outcomes.

Growth Opportunities:

  • Leadership Development: Opportunities to further develop leadership skills by mentoring designers, leading complex projects, and influencing design strategy at a higher level.

  • Strategic Impact: Contribute to defining the future of digital health experiences for a leading healthcare provider, influencing product roadmaps and innovation initiatives.

  • Skill Specialization: Potential to deepen expertise in specific areas such as AI in design, data-driven UX, or complex healthcare user journeys.

  • Career Progression: Clear pathways to advance into Director-level roles within UX Design or to transition into broader product leadership positions within CVS Health.

  • Industry Exposure: Gain invaluable experience in the unique challenges and opportunities of designing for the healthcare industry, a sector with immense growth and societal impact.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: This role offers significant opportunities for professional growth, particularly for individuals looking to lead design strategy and execution within a large, impactful organization. The blend of strategic influence, design leadership, and potential for career advancement makes it an attractive position for experienced UX professionals.

🌐 Work Environment

Office Type: This position is designated as "Work At Home-California," indicating a fully remote work arrangement. This means the primary workspace will be the employee's home office.

Office Location(s): While the role is remote, the requirement to be based in California suggests that the candidate must reside in California. This is often due to state-specific employment laws, tax regulations, or the need for potential, though infrequent, in-person meetings or team gatherings within the state.

Workspace Context:

  • Remote Autonomy: Employees are expected to manage their own workspace, ensuring it is conducive to focused work and productive collaboration.

  • Digital Collaboration Tools: Heavy reliance on digital collaboration tools (e.g., Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Figma's collaboration features) for communication, design reviews, and team meetings.

  • Virtual Team Interaction: Opportunities for interaction with the UX team and cross-functional colleagues will be primarily virtual, requiring proactive engagement and effective online communication skills.

  • Technology Infrastructure: Employees will need a reliable internet connection and a suitable home office setup to effectively perform their duties.

Work Schedule: The standard working hours are approximately 40 per week. While remote work offers flexibility, designers will need to be available for core collaboration hours, which may include meetings with teams across different time zones within the US. The nature of design work may also involve periods of focused, uninterrupted work followed by collaborative sessions.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The fully remote nature of this role requires self-discipline, strong time management, and excellent virtual communication skills. While offering flexibility, candidates should be prepared for a primarily screen-based work environment and the need to actively build connections with colleagues remotely.

πŸ“„ Application & Portfolio Review Process

Interview Process:

  • Initial Screening: A review of your resume and portfolio by a recruiter or hiring manager to assess basic qualifications and alignment with the role.

  • Portfolio Presentation & Discussion: A key stage involving a detailed presentation of your portfolio to the hiring team. This will likely include 2-3 in-depth case studies showcasing your process, problem-solving skills, design rationale, and impact. Expect to discuss your role, design decisions, and how you handled challenges.

  • Hiring Manager Interview: A discussion focused on your experience, leadership style, approach to mentoring, collaboration with cross-functional teams, and strategic thinking.

  • Team/Peer Interviews: Interviews with other UX designers, design managers, and potentially product or engineering leads to assess cultural fit, collaboration skills, and technical proficiency.

  • Final Interview: Potentially with senior leadership (e.g., Director of UX) to discuss overall fit and strategic alignment.

Portfolio Review Tips:

  • Curate Strategically: Select 2-3 of your strongest, most relevant projects that demonstrate the full scope of skills required (desktop, mobile, IxD, visual, design systems, agile process).

  • Tell a Story: For each case study, clearly outline the problem, your process, your specific contributions, the challenges faced, the solutions developed, and the measurable impact or outcomes. Use visuals effectively.

  • Highlight Process: Emphasize your user-centered design approach, research methods, iterative design process, and how you incorporated feedback.

  • Showcase Figma Proficiency: Include examples of complex Figma work, such as interactive prototypes, design system components, or collaborative design sessions.

  • Quantify Impact: Whenever possible, use data and metrics to demonstrate the success of your designs (e.g., improved conversion rates, reduced task completion times, increased user satisfaction scores).

  • Address AI/Data-Driven Design: If you have experience with AI in design or data-driven design principles, ensure these are highlighted with specific examples.

Challenge Preparation:

  • Design Exercise (Potential): Be prepared for a potential design challenge, either take-home or live. This might involve a hypothetical problem to solve, a critique of an existing design, or a request to outline a UX strategy. Focus on demonstrating your problem-solving process, user empathy, and ability to articulate your reasoning.

  • Stakeholder Management Scenarios: Practice articulating design decisions and rationale clearly and persuasively, especially when facing pushback or differing opinions. Consider how you would gain buy-in from diverse stakeholders.

  • Mentoring/Leadership Questions: Prepare examples of how you have mentored junior designers, provided constructive feedback, and fostered a collaborative team environment.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The interview process heavily emphasizes the portfolio as a tangible representation of skills and experience. Candidates should prepare to deep-dive into their work, articulating not just what they designed, but why and how it delivered value. Demonstrating an understanding of agile methodologies and a data-informed approach will be crucial.

πŸ›  Tools & Technology Stack

Primary Tools:

  • Figma: Essential for wireframing, prototyping, UI design, and collaboration. Candidates must be fluent.

  • Prototyping Tools: While Figma is primary, experience with other prototyping tools (e.g., InVision, Adobe XD) may be beneficial.

  • Wireframing Tools: Proficiency in tools used for low-fidelity design and concept sketching.

Analytics & Reporting:

  • User Analytics Platforms: Familiarity with tools like Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics, or similar platforms to understand user behavior and measure design impact.

  • A/B Testing Tools: Experience with tools used for testing design variations and optimizing user flows.

  • Data Visualization Tools: Ability to interpret and present data findings, potentially using tools like Tableau or Power BI, though direct experience may not be required.

CRM & Automation:

Other Relevant Technologies:

  • Design Systems Tools: Experience with tools or platforms used to manage and evolve design systems.

  • Collaboration Platforms: Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zoom for communication and virtual meetings.

  • Project Management Tools: Familiarity with JIRA, Asana, or similar tools used in agile development environments.

  • AI Tools in Design: Experience with AI-powered design assistance tools or integrating AI insights into the design process.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: Figma proficiency is a non-negotiable requirement. Beyond that, experience with analytics and a data-driven mindset are highly valued, indicating that CVS Health expects its designers to leverage data to inform and validate design decisions. Familiarity with agile tools is also important for seamless collaboration.

πŸ‘₯ Team Culture & Values

Operations Values:

  • Customer-Centricity: A deep commitment to understanding and serving the needs of CVS Health's diverse customer base, prioritizing user experience and accessibility in all design decisions.

  • Innovation & Curiosity: A drive to explore new ideas, technologies (like AI in design), and approaches to create groundbreaking and effective digital experiences.

  • Collaboration & Partnership: A strong belief in working closely with cross-functional teams (Product, Engineering, Marketing, etc.) to achieve shared goals and deliver integrated solutions.

  • Accountability & Excellence: Taking ownership of design outcomes, striving for the highest quality in craft, and continuously seeking to improve processes and user experiences.

  • Compassion & Care: Reflecting the core values of CVS Health, designing experiences that are not only functional but also empathetic, supportive, and easy to use, especially within the healthcare context.

Collaboration Style:

  • Cross-Functional Integration: Expect a highly collaborative environment where UX designers work hand-in-hand with product managers to define requirements, engineers to ensure feasibility, and other stakeholders to gain alignment.

  • Open Communication: A culture that encourages open feedback, constructive critiques, and transparent communication to foster continuous improvement and problem-solving.

  • Agile Teamwork: Seamless integration within agile scrum teams, participating actively in ceremonies, and contributing to sprint goals with a focus on iterative development and delivery.

  • Design System Advocacy: A collaborative approach to building and maintaining design systems, ensuring consistency and efficiency across all digital products.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: The culture at CVS Health emphasizes a blend of innovation, customer focus, and collaborative execution. The values align with the company's mission in healthcare, requiring designers to be both technically proficient and deeply empathetic. The emphasis on collaboration within an agile framework is key to success.

⚑ Challenges & Growth Opportunities

Challenges:

  • Navigating Enterprise Complexity: Designing for a large enterprise like CVS Health involves managing complex stakeholder needs, diverse user segments, and existing technical constraints. This requires strong negotiation and problem-solving skills.

  • Balancing Innovation with Compliance: The healthcare industry requires designs to be not only innovative and user-friendly but also compliant with strict regulations (e.g., HIPAA). This can create design challenges that require careful navigation.

  • Driving Data-Informed Design: Effectively integrating AI and data analytics into the design process requires skill in interpreting data, conducting user research, and influencing product strategy based on insights, which can be challenging in a large organization.

  • Maintaining Design Consistency: Ensuring a cohesive and consistent user experience across a vast portfolio of digital products, especially with multiple teams and evolving design systems, is an ongoing challenge.

Learning & Development Opportunities:

  • Advanced UX Strategy: Opportunities to shape and contribute to the strategic direction of UX across a major healthcare organization.

  • AI & Data Science Integration: Deepen understanding and application of AI tools and data-driven methodologies in the design process.

  • Healthcare Industry Expertise: Develop specialized knowledge and experience in the unique design challenges and opportunities within the healthcare sector.

  • Leadership & Mentorship: Enhance leadership capabilities through mentoring junior designers and leading complex, high-impact projects.

  • Industry Conferences & Training: Potential for participation in relevant UX conferences, workshops, and training programs to stay abreast of industry trends and best practices.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: This role offers the chance to tackle significant challenges within the dynamic healthcare sector, providing ample opportunities for professional growth and the development of specialized skills. The ability to navigate complexity and drive innovation within a regulated environment will be key to success and career advancement.

πŸ’‘ Interview Preparation

Strategy Questions:

  • "Describe a time you had to translate a complex set of user needs or business requirements into an elegant and intuitive user experience. What was your process?" (Focus on problem definition, user research, ideation, and solution articulation.)

  • "How do you approach defining design direction and communicating your design rationale to a non-design audience, especially when advocating for your decisions?" (Prepare examples of stakeholder management and persuasive communication.)

  • "Walk us through a project where you utilized data or user research insights to significantly influence your design decisions. How did you measure the impact?" (Highlight your data-driven approach and ability to quantify outcomes.)

Company & Culture Questions:

  • "What interests you specifically about UX design within the healthcare industry, and for CVS Health in particular?" (Research CVS Health's mission, recent initiatives, and the challenges/opportunities in healthcare UX.)

  • "How do you stay updated on the latest trends in UX design, including AI in design and new technologies?" (Showcase your commitment to continuous learning.)

Portfolio Presentation Strategy:

  • Structure Your Case Studies: For each chosen project, clearly outline: Problem Statement, Your Role & Responsibilities, Target Audience/Users, Research & Discovery, Design Process (Ideation, Wireframing, Prototyping, Testing), Key Design Decisions & Rationale, Challenges & Solutions, Final Design & Outcomes (with metrics if possible).

  • Focus on "Why": Don't just show the final screens; explain the why behind your design choices. What user needs did you address? What problems did you solve?

  • Highlight Figma Skills: Be prepared to demonstrate specific Figma features or workflows you used, especially related to design systems or complex prototyping.

  • Quantify Impact: Use data and metrics wherever possible to demonstrate the success and business value of your designs. If exact metrics aren't available, discuss how you would measure success.

  • Practice Your Narrative: Rehearse your presentation to ensure it flows logically, stays within the allocated time, and clearly conveys your expertise and passion. Be ready for in-depth questions about your decisions.

πŸ“ Enhancement Note: Interview preparation should focus on showcasing not only design skills but also strategic thinking, leadership potential, and an understanding of the healthcare industry context. The portfolio presentation is critical; candidates must be able to articulate their process, rationale, and impact convincingly.

πŸ“Œ Application Steps

To apply for this Senior Manager - UX Design position at CVS Health:

  • Submit Your Application: Navigate to the CVS Health careers portal and submit your application through the provided link. Ensure your resume is up-to-date and tailored to highlight experience relevant to UX design leadership and the specified requirements.

  • Portfolio Customization: Curate your online portfolio to prominently feature 2-3 in-depth case studies that best represent your experience in desktop, native app, and mobile web design, your process, and your impact. Ensure it’s easily accessible and showcases your Figma proficiency.

  • Resume Optimization: Tailor your resume to include keywords and phrases from the job description, such as "UX Design," "UI Design," "Figma," "Design Systems," "Agile," "Stakeholder Management," and "User-Centered Design." Quantify your achievements whenever possible.

  • Interview Preparation: Thoroughly review the interview preparation tips provided above. Practice articulating your design process, rationale, and the impact of your work. Be ready to discuss your experience with AI in design and data-driven principles.

  • Company Research: Familiarize yourself with CVS Health's mission, values, current digital initiatives, and the broader healthcare industry landscape. Understand how your UX expertise can contribute to their goals of simplifying healthcare.

⚠️ Important Notice: This enhanced job description includes AI-generated insights and operations industry-standard assumptions. All details should be verified directly with the hiring organization before making application decisions.

Application Requirements

Requires a minimum of 5 years of experience in desktop and native app design with a strong portfolio and proficiency in Figma. Must have proven experience leading design collaboration sessions and communicating design rationale to non-design stakeholders.