Senior Product Designer

📍 Job Overview

Job Title: Senior Product Designer

Company: RemoFirst

Location: Turkey (Remote)

Job Type: Full-Time

Category: Product Design / UX/UI Design

Date Posted: November 4, 2026

Experience Level: 5-10 Years

Remote Status: Fully Remote

🚀 Role Summary

• Drive the end-to-end product design process, from initial user and business research to the creation and testing of intuitive, effective, and delightful interfaces, with a specialized focus on onboarding flows and AI feature integration.

• Translate complex user needs and business objectives into clear wireframes, high-fidelity mockups, and interactive prototypes, ensuring a seamless and engaging user experience.

• Champion user-centered design principles through rigorous usability testing, data analysis, and iterative refinement, ensuring designs meet usability standards, accessibility best practices, and performance requirements.

• Collaborate closely with product managers, developers, and stakeholders to ensure design feasibility, consistency with brand guidelines, and successful implementation across various devices and screen sizes.

📝 Enhancement Note: This role emphasizes a strong blend of strategic thinking, user empathy, and technical execution, particularly in rapidly evolving areas like AI features and global onboarding. The "Senior" title suggests a significant level of autonomy and the expectation to mentor or influence junior designers, though not explicitly stated.

📈 Primary Responsibilities

• User and Business Research & Analysis:

  • Conduct in-depth user and business research to identify needs, pain points, and opportunities, with a primary focus on optimizing onboarding journeys for a global user base.
  • Gather, interpret, and synthesize qualitative and quantitative user feedback, behavioral data, and business insights to inform and validate design decisions.
  • Collaborate proactively with product managers, engineering, marketing, and other stakeholders to deeply understand project objectives, target audience needs, and business goals.

• Wireframing, Layout, and UI Design:

  • Create detailed wireframes, intuitive layouts, and compelling visual designs that effectively address user requirements and business objectives, demonstrating creativity in UI to enhance onboarding flows and AI feature interactions.
  • Develop responsive designs that seamlessly adapt to various devices, screen sizes, and contexts, ensuring a consistent and high-quality user experience.
  • Uphold and advance UX/UI design principles and best practices, with a particular emphasis on creating highly engaging, intuitive, and accessible interactions.

• Prototyping and User Testing:

  • Develop interactive prototypes at various fidelities to effectively test and validate design concepts, user flows, and interaction patterns with target users.
  • Plan and execute comprehensive usability testing sessions, meticulously gathering feedback and analyzing results to drive iterative design refinements.
  • Continuously analyze user data and testing outcomes to iterate on designs, ensuring optimal user satisfaction and task completion rates.

• Navigation and Interaction Design:

  • Define and optimize navigation flows, information architecture, and interaction patterns for web and application interfaces, ensuring logical and intuitive user journeys.
  • Design seamless transitions and microinteractions that enhance user engagement and product usability, contributing to a delightful overall experience.

• Design Consistency and Technical Requirements:

  • Maintain rigorous design consistency across the entire product suite, adhering to established brand guidelines, design systems, and usability standards.

  • Collaborate closely with developers and product managers to ensure design feasibility, provide clear specifications, and support efficient implementation throughout the development lifecycle.

  • Ensure designs meet technical requirements, performance benchmarks, and accessibility best practices (e.g., WCAG standards).

📝 Enhancement Note: The emphasis on "onboarding journeys" and "AI feature interactions" suggests a critical role in user acquisition and engagement, requiring a deep understanding of user psychology and the ability to design for emerging technologies. The responsibility for "defining optimal navigation and interaction patterns" and ensuring "design consistency" points to a need for strong information architecture and design system thinking.

🎓 Skills & Qualifications

Education:

• While no specific degree is mandated, a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Design, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer Science, or a related field is often preferred and can demonstrate foundational knowledge. Equivalent practical experience will be strongly considered. Experience:

• Minimum of 5 years of professional experience in Product Design, UX/UI Design, or a closely related role, with a strong preference for hands-on experience within fast-paced tech startup environments.

• Demonstrated success in designing for complex user flows, particularly in areas like user onboarding, feature adoption, and data-driven product improvements. Required Skills:

• User-Centered Design: Deep understanding and practical application of user-centered design principles, methodologies, and best practices.

• Design Tools Proficiency: Expert-level proficiency in industry-standard design and prototyping tools such as Figma, Sketch, Adobe XD, or similar.

• Wireframing & Prototyping: Proven ability to create detailed wireframes, interactive prototypes, and high-fidelity mockups that effectively communicate design concepts.

• User Research & Analysis: Strong analytical and research skills, including experience conducting user interviews, surveys, usability testing, and analyzing qualitative/quantitative data to derive actionable insights.

• Information Architecture & Navigation: Expertise in structuring content, designing intuitive navigation systems, and mapping out user journeys.

• Responsive & Cross-Device Design: Proven ability to design for a variety of devices, screen sizes, and platforms, ensuring a consistent and optimized user experience.

Preferred Skills:

• AI Feature Design: Experience designing user interfaces and interactions for AI-powered features or products.

• Onboarding Flow Optimization: Specific experience in designing and optimizing complex, multi-stage user onboarding processes.

• Design Systems: Experience in creating, contributing to, or maintaining design systems for scalability and consistency.

• Accessibility Standards: Knowledge of WCAG guidelines and experience designing accessible interfaces.

• Cross-Cultural Communication: Demonstrated ability to communicate and collaborate effectively across different cultural backgrounds and time zones.

• Agile/Startup Environment Experience: Familiarity with agile development methodologies and experience thriving in a fast-paced startup setting.

📝 Enhancement Note: The requirement for "hands-on experience at tech startups" and "heavy focus on UX" specifically highlights the need for candidates who can operate with agility, demonstrate initiative, and possess a deep understanding of user experience principles within a dynamic business context. The explicit mention of Figma suggests it's the primary tool, making proficiency a critical requirement.

📊 Process & Systems Portfolio Requirements

Portfolio Essentials:

• Demonstrated User-Centricity: A portfolio that clearly showcases a user-centered design process, highlighting how user needs and feedback informed design decisions.

• Problem-Solution Framing: Case studies that articulate a specific problem, the user and business context, the design process undertaken, the solutions proposed, and the measurable impact of those solutions.

• End-to-End Design Process: Examples that illustrate the full design lifecycle, from initial research, ideation, wireframing, prototyping, user testing, to final UI design and consideration for implementation.

• Impact & Results: Evidence of how your designs have positively impacted key business metrics (e.g., conversion rates, user engagement, task completion, retention) or user satisfaction.

Process Documentation:

• Workflow Design & Optimization: Showcase examples where you've designed or significantly improved complex workflows, such as user onboarding, feature adoption, or internal process efficiency.

• User Research & Validation: Documentation of research methodologies used, key insights derived, and how these insights were translated into design iterations and validated through testing.

• System Thinking: Examples demonstrating an understanding of how design fits within a larger product ecosystem, including considerations for design systems, component libraries, and cross-platform consistency.

• Collaboration & Iteration: Evidence of how you collaborated with cross-functional teams (Product Management, Engineering) and iterated on designs based on feedback and technical constraints.

📝 Enhancement Note: For a Senior Product Designer role, the portfolio is paramount. It needs to go beyond just presenting polished UI screens; it must tell a story about the designer's thought process, problem-solving skills, and ability to drive tangible business outcomes. Emphasis on "onboarding flows" and "AI feature interactions" within case studies will be particularly beneficial.

💵 Compensation & Benefits

Salary Range:

• Given the "Senior" title, 5-10 years of experience, and the remote nature for a company operating in Turkey but likely serving a global market, a competitive salary range is expected. For a Senior Product Designer based in Turkey and working remotely for a global company, the annual salary could range approximately from $60,000 to $90,000 USD. This estimate is based on industry benchmarks for senior-level product design roles in tech companies, adjusted for the cost of living in Turkey and the global remote talent market. Benefits:

• Competitive Compensation: A salary package designed to attract and retain top talent in the product design field.

• 100% Remote Work: The flexibility and autonomy to work from anywhere, fostering a better work-life balance.

• Growth Opportunities: Potential for significant career advancement within an AI-forward, rapidly growing startup environment.

• Direct Impact: The chance to lead product initiatives that have a strategic impact on revenue growth, customer support, and market differentiation.

• Leadership Visibility: Reporting directly to the Head of Product, providing exposure to critical business decisions and strategic planning.

• Autonomy and Accountability: A work environment that values independence, speed, and results with minimal bureaucracy.

• Health & Wellness: While not explicitly detailed, companies of this caliber often offer health insurance or wellness stipends as part of their benefits package.

• Professional Development: Opportunities for learning, skill development, and potentially attending industry conferences or workshops.

Working Hours:

• The role is listed with an implied 40-hour work week, typical for full-time positions. However, given the remote and international nature of the company, there is likely flexibility in daily scheduling, provided core collaboration hours and deadlines are met. Proactive cross-cultural communication and strong time management are essential.

📝 Enhancement Note: The salary estimate is a broad range and can vary significantly based on the candidate's specific experience, the exact scope of responsibilities, and the company's funding stage. Benefits are inferred based on typical offerings for remote-first tech companies, especially those emphasizing growth and employee well-being. The "40 hours" is an assumption based on standard full-time employment.

🎯 Team & Company Context

🏢 Company Culture

Industry:

• RemoFirst operates in the HR Tech and Global Employment space, specifically focusing on providing an all-in-one platform for hiring, compliance, payroll, and benefits management for international teams. This is a rapidly growing sector driven by the increasing globalization of talent and the rise of remote work. The company is AI-forward, indicating a commitment to leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance its platform and services. Company Size:

• RemoFirst is described as a "small but strong team of 200+ people (and growing)." This indicates a mid-stage startup environment – large enough to have established processes and a significant market presence, but small enough to offer agility, individual impact, and a close-knit feel. For operations professionals, this means opportunities to shape processes, influence strategy, and see the direct results of their work. Founded:

• The founding date is not explicitly provided in the job description. However, the company's growth to over 200 employees and its partnerships with major corporations suggest it has been operational for several years and has achieved significant traction. Team Structure:

• Operations Team: While the role is for a Senior Product Designer, the description implies a strong, collaborative Product team. The designer will report to the Head of Product, indicating a direct line to leadership and strategic decision-making.

• Cross-functional Collaboration: The role emphasizes extensive collaboration with Product Managers, Developers, Marketing, and other stakeholders. This suggests a highly cross-functional environment where design is integrated early and often into the product development lifecycle.

• Global & Remote: The team is distributed globally, requiring strong asynchronous communication skills and an understanding of diverse cultural perspectives.

Methodology:

• User-Centricity: A core methodology is placing customers at the heart of their work, employing a strong and empathetic approach to Design Thinking.

• Data-Driven Decisions: Insights are gathered from user feedback and data analysis to inform design choices and product iterations.

• Agile & Fast-Paced: The company operates with speed and agility, characteristic of a growing startup, requiring a hyper-logical, first-principles approach to problem-solving.

• AI Integration: A commitment to integrating AI into their platform and services, suggesting an innovative and forward-thinking approach to product development.

Company Website:

• https://remoremote.com/ (Inferred from context, but official URL is https://jobs.workable.com/company/igmSFpTZSGkkztH6UxrPay/jobs-at-remofirst)

📝 Enhancement Note: The company's focus on global HR and AI positions it in a dynamic and competitive market. The "200+ employees" suggests a transition from early-stage to growth-stage, where processes are solidifying but still allow for significant individual influence. The emphasis on "hard yet smart work" and "right to fail" points to a culture that values performance, learning, and innovation.

📈 Career & Growth Analysis

Operations Career Level:

• This is a Senior Product Designer role, indicating a position of significant responsibility and expertise. It sits above mid-level designers and is typically a stepping stone towards Lead Product Designer, Design Manager, or specialized Principal Designer roles. Senior designers are expected to lead complex projects, mentor junior team members, and contribute to the strategic direction of the product's user experience. Reporting Structure:

• The Senior Product Designer will report directly to the Head of Product. This is a high-visibility reporting line, suggesting that the design function is considered critical to product strategy and that the designer will work closely with product leadership on business-critical initiatives. Operations Impact:

• The role's work will have a direct impact on revenue growth, customer support, and market differentiation. By crafting effective onboarding flows and seamless AI feature interactions, the designer will directly influence user acquisition, retention, and overall customer satisfaction. This impact is amplified by the company's AI-forward strategy and its focus on serving global enterprises. Growth Opportunities:

• Lead Product Initiatives: As a senior member, you will have the opportunity to lead significant product initiatives, driving strategic impact and gaining experience in project leadership.

• AI Design Specialization: Working in an "AI-forward company" offers a unique chance to develop specialized skills and expertise in designing for artificial intelligence applications.

• Mentorship & Influence: The role implies opportunities to mentor junior designers and influence the broader design strategy and culture of the company.

• Career Progression: Potential pathways include becoming a Lead Product Designer, Design Manager, or a Principal Designer focusing on specific product areas or strategic UX challenges within a rapidly scaling tech unicorn.

• Skill Development: Continuous learning is inherent in this role, with opportunities to stay abreast of the latest UX/UI trends, AI technologies, and design methodologies.

📝 Enhancement Note: The reporting structure to the Head of Product is a significant indicator of the role's strategic importance. The "AI-forward" aspect presents a compelling growth opportunity for designers interested in this emerging field. The "unicorn" aspiration suggests a high-growth environment where career trajectories can be accelerated.

🌐 Work Environment

Office Type:

• The position is explicitly 100% remote. This means there is no central office to report to, and work is conducted from the employee's chosen location. This offers maximum flexibility but requires discipline in creating a productive home workspace. Office Location(s):

• While the role is remote, the specific mention of "Turkey" in the job listing suggests that candidates based in Turkey may be preferred or that there are specific legal/tax implications for employees in that region. However, the company operates globally and hires remotely, implying that candidates in other suitable locations might also be considered, provided they meet any regional requirements. Workspace Context:

• Collaborative Environment (Remote): Despite being remote, the company fosters a collaborative culture through digital tools and proactive communication. Expect regular virtual meetings, asynchronous communication channels (e.g., Slack, email), and shared digital workspaces for design and project management.

• Tools & Technology: Access to industry-standard design tools (Figma), collaboration platforms, and project management software will be essential for effective remote work.

• Team Interaction: Interaction will occur through video calls, messaging platforms, and collaborative design sessions, requiring strong communication and active participation.

Work Schedule:

• While a standard 40-hour work week is typical, the remote and global nature of RemoFirst suggests a degree of flexibility. Employees are expected to manage their time effectively to meet deadlines and collaborate across different time zones. This requires proactive communication and a systematic approach to work.

📝 Enhancement Note: The "100% remote" nature of the role is a key differentiator. The mention of "Turkey" in the location might imply a specific regional focus for hiring or compliance, but the company's overall model is global remote. The emphasis on "proactive cross-cultural communication" and "systematic and strong time management" are critical success factors for this work environment.

📄 Application & Portfolio Review Process

Interview Process:

• Initial Screening: A review of your resume and portfolio to assess qualifications and alignment with the role's requirements, particularly the emphasis on UX/UI, research, and startup experience.

• Portfolio Presentation & Discussion: A dedicated session where you will present your portfolio, walking through 1-2 key case studies. Be prepared to discuss your design process, problem-solving approach, user research findings, design decisions, and the impact of your work. This is a critical stage for demonstrating your senior-level thinking.

• Skills-Based Interview: Expect questions focused on your proficiency with design tools (e.g., Figma), your understanding of UX/UI principles, your approach to user research, and your experience with specific design challenges like onboarding or AI features.

• Problem-Solving / Design Challenge: You may be given a take-home assignment or a live design challenge to assess your ability to think critically, apply design principles, and articulate solutions under time constraints. Focus on demonstrating your "hyper-logical problem-solving" skills.

• Cross-Cultural & Team Fit Interview: An interview focused on your ability to work effectively in a remote, diverse, and international team, assessing your communication style, adaptability, and alignment with RemoFirst's values (e.g., Design Thinking, empathy, smart work).

• Final Interview: Potentially with the Head of Product or other senior leadership to discuss strategic alignment, career aspirations, and finalize the offer.

Portfolio Review Tips:

• Tell a Story: For each case study, clearly articulate the problem, your role and process, the challenges faced, your unique contributions, the solutions you designed, and the quantifiable results or learnings.

• Highlight Seniority: Showcase projects where you took significant ownership, led design initiatives, mentored others, or influenced product strategy. Emphasize complex problems you solved.

• Focus on Process: Detail your research methodologies, how you gathered and interpreted user feedback, and how you iterated on designs based on data and testing.

• Emphasize Key Areas: Given the job description, ensure your portfolio prominently features examples of excellent onboarding flows and, if possible, AI feature interactions.

• Visual Clarity & Conciseness: Present your work professionally, with clean visuals and concise explanations. Tailor your presentation to the specific requirements of the RemoFirst role.

Challenge Preparation:

• Understand the Context: If given a take-home challenge, thoroughly research RemoFirst, its product, target audience, and competitors to inform your approach.

• Prioritize & Scope: For live challenges, focus on the most critical aspects of the problem. It's better to solve a smaller part thoroughly than to touch upon many parts superficially.

• Articulate Your Thinking: Clearly explain your assumptions, design choices, and rationale. Demonstrate your "hyper-logical" and "first-principles" approach.

• Consider Constraints: Be mindful of potential technical, business, or time constraints, and how they influence your design decisions.

📝 Enhancement Note: The emphasis on "hyper-logical problem-solving" and "design thinking" will be key themes throughout the interview process. Candidates should be prepared to deeply articulate their thought process and demonstrate empathy for the user. The portfolio review is likely the most critical component, requiring careful curation and presentation.

🛠 Tools & Technology Stack

Primary Tools:

• Figma: Explicitly mentioned as a required skill, Figma is expected to be the primary tool for wireframing, UI design, prototyping, and collaboration.

• Prototyping Tools: Beyond Figma's built-in capabilities, proficiency with other prototyping tools like InVision, Principle, or Framer might be beneficial for more complex interactions.

• User Research Platforms: Tools for conducting user interviews, surveys, and usability testing (e.g., UserTesting.com, Maze, SurveyMonkey, Typeform).

Analytics & Reporting:

• Web Analytics: Familiarity with tools like Google Analytics, Amplitude, Mixpanel, or Pendo to understand user behavior, track conversion funnels, and measure feature adoption.

• Data Visualization: Experience with tools that allow for effective data analysis and reporting, even if not directly used for design, to understand product performance.

CRM & Automation:

• While not directly a design tool, an understanding of how CRM systems (like Salesforce) and marketing automation platforms impact user journeys and data collection could be valuable context for designing integrated experiences.

📝 Enhancement Note: Proficiency in Figma is non-negotiable. The role requires not just design execution but also the ability to leverage data and user feedback, making familiarity with analytics and research tools highly advantageous.

👥 Team Culture & Values

Operations Values:

• Customer Centricity: "Customers are at the heart of what we do." This implies a deep commitment to understanding and serving user needs, driving empathetic design decisions.

• Hard Yet Smart Work: A value that balances diligent effort with strategic efficiency, focusing on impactful outcomes rather than just busywork.

• Right to Fail: Encourages experimentation and innovation by creating a safe environment where learning from mistakes is valued. This supports a proactive approach to design challenges.

• Respect, Kindness, Diversity & Inclusion: Fundamental values that shape interpersonal interactions and foster an inclusive global workplace.

• Growth & Innovation: As an "AI-forward company" aiming to be a "tech unicorn," there's an inherent value placed on continuous improvement, embracing new technologies, and ambitious growth.

Collaboration Style:

• Proactive & Cross-Cultural: Given the remote and global nature, collaboration requires proactivity, clear communication, and sensitivity to cultural differences. Asynchronous communication will be a key element.

• Empathetic Design Thinking: A collaborative approach grounded in understanding user needs and stakeholder perspectives to co-create effective solutions.

• Agile & Iterative: Working in a fast-paced startup environment means collaboration will likely be iterative, involving frequent feedback loops and rapid adjustments to designs.

📝 Enhancement Note: The "right to fail" is a crucial indicator of a culture that supports innovation and encourages designers to push boundaries. The emphasis on "hard yet smart work" suggests a results-oriented team that values efficiency and strategic thinking.

⚡ Challenges & Growth Opportunities

Challenges:

• Designing for Global Onboarding: Creating a universally effective and compliant onboarding experience for users across diverse cultural, linguistic, and regulatory landscapes is a significant challenge.

• Integrating AI Seamlessly: Designing intuitive and trustworthy user experiences for AI-powered features requires careful consideration of user expectations, transparency, and potential biases.

• Balancing Speed and Quality: Operating in a fast-paced startup means delivering high-quality designs quickly, requiring efficient processes and strong prioritization skills.

• Remote Collaboration: Maintaining strong collaboration, communication, and design consistency across distributed, international teams requires deliberate effort and effective tooling.

Learning & Development Opportunities:

• AI Design Expertise: Deepen your skills in designing for AI, a rapidly evolving and high-demand area.

• Global Product Strategy: Gain exposure to international product development, market nuances, and compliance considerations.

• Leadership & Mentorship: Develop leadership skills by potentially mentoring junior designers and influencing product strategy.

• Startup Growth Experience: Contribute to the scaling of a tech unicorn, gaining invaluable experience in a high-growth environment.

• Industry Exposure: Opportunities to learn about HR Tech, global employment platforms, and emerging AI applications in business.

📝 Enhancement Note: The challenges presented are directly tied to the company's mission and the nature of its product. Overcoming these challenges will provide significant learning and growth opportunities for the Senior Product Designer.

💡 Interview Preparation

Strategy Questions:

• Product Vision & Strategy: "How would you approach designing the next generation of onboarding for a global HR platform, considering diverse user needs and compliance requirements?" "How can design support the integration and adoption of AI features within our platform to drive user engagement?"

  • Preparation: Research RemoFirst's current product, target markets, and competitive landscape. Think about user segmentation and localization strategies. For AI, consider ethical design, explainability, and user trust.

• Problem-Solving & Design Process: "Describe a time you encountered a complex user problem. How did you diagnose it, what was your design process, and what was the outcome?" "Walk us through a challenging design project where you had to balance user needs with business constraints."

  • Preparation: Prepare 2-3 detailed case studies that highlight your problem-solving skills, research methodologies, and iterative design approach. Be ready to discuss trade-offs and decision-making.

• Collaboration & Communication: "How do you typically collaborate with product managers and engineers? Describe a situation where you had a disagreement with a stakeholder and how you resolved it." "How do you ensure design consistency across a growing product suite and different teams?"

  • Preparation: Prepare examples demonstrating your ability to work effectively in cross-functional teams, handle feedback constructively, and advocate for user-centered solutions. Company & Culture Questions:

• "What interests you about RemoFirst and our mission?" "How do you align with our values of 'hard yet smart work' and 'right to fail'?" "How do you approach working in a remote, cross-cultural team?"

  • Preparation: Research RemoFirst's website, LinkedIn, and recent news. Understand their core values and how your own work style and experience align with them. Be ready to share specific examples. Portfolio Presentation Strategy:

• Structure Your Narrative: For each case study, clearly define the problem, your role, the process, key insights, design decisions, and the impact. Use visuals effectively but don't let them overshadow your explanation.

• Quantify Impact: Whenever possible, use data and metrics to demonstrate the success of your designs (e.g., increased conversion, reduced drop-off, improved task completion).

• Showcase Seniority: Highlight projects where you took initiative, led aspects of the design, influenced strategy, or mentored others.

• Engage Your Audience: Be prepared for questions and make your presentation interactive. Demonstrate your passion for design and problem-solving.

📝 Enhancement Note: The interview process will heavily assess not just design skill but also critical thinking, communication, and cultural fit within a remote, fast-paced, and AI-focused environment. Demonstrating your ability to think "hyper-logically" and with "design thinking" will be crucial.

📌 Application Steps

To apply for this Senior Product Designer position:

• Submit your application through the provided link on Workable.

• Curate Your Portfolio: Select 2-3 of your strongest case studies that best highlight your experience with user-centered design, complex problem-solving, onboarding flows, and ideally, AI feature interactions. Ensure each case study clearly articulates your process and the impact of your work.

• Tailor Your Resume: Highlight your 5+ years of experience, specific achievements in UX/UI design, user research, Figma proficiency, and any experience in startup environments or with AI-related products. Use keywords from the job description.

• Prepare Your Portfolio Presentation: Practice walking through your selected case studies, focusing on clear storytelling, articulating your design rationale, and demonstrating measurable results. Be ready to discuss your process in detail.

• Research RemoFirst: Familiarize yourself with RemoFirst's product, mission, values, and target audience. Understand their position in the HR Tech market and their AI-forward approach. This will help you tailor your answers and demonstrate genuine interest.

⚠️ Important Notice: This enhanced job description includes AI-generated insights and operations industry-standard assumptions. All details should be verified directly with the hiring organization before making application decisions.