Advanced Tool Design Manager

📍 Job Overview

Job Title: Advanced Tool Design Manager

Company: Weiss-Aug

Location: New Kensington, Pennsylvania, United States

Job Type: Full-time

Category: Manufacturing & Operations Management

Date Posted: 2026-09-14

Experience Level: 10+ Years

Remote Status: On-site

🚀 Role Summary

• Lead the Advanced Tool Design function, setting technical direction and engineering standards for complex progressive stamping dies and precision tooling systems.

• Manage and develop a team of Tool Designers, Tool Engineers, and technical specialists, fostering innovation and technical talent.

• Drive standardization of tooling methodologies, design practices, component selection, and documentation across the organization.

• Oversee the utilization of advanced simulation technologies to optimize stamping and forming processes, reducing launch risk and tryout cycles.

• Partner with cross-functional teams including Product Development, Manufacturing Engineering, Operations, Quality, and Automation to ensure seamless tooling solutions from concept through production launch.

📝 Enhancement Note: This role is a senior-level management position within manufacturing operations, focusing on the critical area of tooling design and its impact on product quality, cost, and scalability. The emphasis on "Advanced" in the title suggests a focus on cutting-edge technologies, automation, and data-driven optimization within the tooling lifecycle.

📈 Primary Responsibilities

• Lead the Advanced Tool Design function, establishing technical direction, priorities, and engineering standards for all tooling initiatives.

• Manage, mentor, and develop a team of Tool Designers, Tool Engineers, and technical specialists, fostering a culture of continuous improvement and technical excellence.

• Drive the standardization of tooling methodologies, design practices, component selection, and comprehensive documentation to ensure consistency and quality.

• Oversee the design and development of complex progressive stamping dies and precision tooling systems, ensuring adherence to best practices and engineering requirements.

• Approve strip layouts, progression designs, carrier concepts, die station development, and complete tooling assemblies, providing expert technical guidance.

• Provide technical guidance on die construction methods, selection of tool steels, heat treatment processes, and advanced coating/wear-resistant technologies.

• Support tooling quotations, feasibility assessments, and detailed manufacturing cost analyses to inform business decisions.

• Lead the utilization of advanced simulation technologies (e.g., finite element analysis) to optimize stamping and forming processes, minimizing tool tryout cycles and launch risks.

• Implement simulation-driven design methodologies to proactively identify and resolve potential issues before physical tooling is produced.

• Drive data-driven root cause analysis and corrective action initiatives across tooling programs, leveraging manufacturing analytics.

• Establish and enforce standards for advanced in-die sensing and die protection systems to enhance tool longevity and process reliability.

• Partner closely with the Automation and Controls Engineering team to integrate sensor technology with presses, robotic systems, and other manufacturing equipment.

• Support the development of smart tooling technologies for predictive maintenance and real-time process monitoring.

• Provide technical leadership for tooling projects from product concept through production launch, ensuring alignment with project timelines, budgets, and quality objectives.

• Coordinate internal and external tooling suppliers to meet project timing, cost, and quality objectives, managing supplier performance.

• Manage tooling schedules, budgets, risks, and resource allocation effectively, employing robust project management methodologies.

• Lead tool build reviews, tryouts, debugging activities, and validation programs to ensure successful tool performance.

• Ensure the successful transfer of tooling into production environments, collaborating with manufacturing and operations teams.

📝 Enhancement Note: The responsibilities highlight a blend of technical leadership, team management, strategic planning, and hands-on engineering oversight. The role requires a deep understanding of the entire tooling lifecycle, from initial design and simulation to production launch and optimization, with a strong emphasis on innovation, efficiency, and cross-functional collaboration.

🎓 Skills & Qualifications

Education:

• Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, Tool Design, or a closely related technical field. Experience:

• Minimum of 12+ years of progressive stamping die design and tooling engineering experience.

• Minimum of 5+ years of progressive leadership, supervisory, or significant project management experience within a tooling design environment. Required Skills:

• Expert-level proficiency in SolidWorks for 3D modeling and design.

• Expert-level proficiency in Logopress for progressive die design and strip layout optimization.

• Deep understanding and practical application of Progressive Die Design principles and methodologies.

• Comprehensive knowledge of Tool Construction techniques, including materials, fabrication, and assembly.

• Extensive experience with Metal Forming Processes, including stamping, drawing, and bending.

• Demonstrated success managing complex tooling programs from initial concept through successful production launch.

• Extensive experience supporting tool tryout, validation, troubleshooting, and production operations, with a focus on problem-solving.

• Proficiency in utilizing advanced engineering software for simulation and analysis of metal forming processes.

• Strong project management skills, including planning, scheduling, budgeting, risk management, and resource allocation.

• Excellent leadership and team management capabilities, with experience mentoring and developing technical staff.

• Strong analytical and problem-solving skills, with a data-driven approach to decision-making.

• Excellent communication, interpersonal, and collaboration skills, with the ability to effectively engage with internal teams and external suppliers. Preferred Skills:

• Experience with other CAD/CAM software relevant to tool design and manufacturing.

• Familiarity with advanced die protection systems and in-die sensing technologies.

• Experience with automation integration, including robotics and PLCs in a manufacturing context.

• Knowledge of smart manufacturing concepts, Industry 4.0, and IIoT applications in tooling.

• Six Sigma Green Belt or Black Belt certification, demonstrating a commitment to process improvement and quality methodologies.

• Experience in medical devices, automotive, aerospace, electronics, or consumer products manufacturing sectors.

• Familiarity with tool steels, heat treatment processes, and advanced coating technologies for tooling.

📝 Enhancement Note: The qualifications emphasize a strong technical foundation in die design and manufacturing processes, combined with significant leadership and project management experience. The requirement for expert-level proficiency in SolidWorks and Logopress is a critical technical differentiator for this role.

📊 Process & Systems Portfolio Requirements

Portfolio Essentials:

• Demonstrate a structured approach to tooling design, showcasing the progression from initial concept to final production-ready tooling.

• Present case studies of complex progressive dies designed, highlighting innovative solutions to challenging forming requirements and material properties.

• Include examples of simulation analysis (e.g., FEA for forming, stress analysis) used to validate designs, optimize processes, and mitigate risks, clearly articulating the impact on tryout time and cost.

• Showcase documentation of tooling projects, including strip layouts, die station designs, component BOMs, and any relevant process flow diagrams.

• Provide evidence of successful tool tryouts and validation processes, detailing problem-solving efforts and implemented improvements that led to successful production ramp-up. Process Documentation:

• Illustrate the design process for progressive dies, detailing stages such as concept development, strip layout, carrier design, station sequencing, and component selection.

• Document methodologies for utilizing simulation software to predict material behavior, identify potential defects (e.g., tearing, wrinkling), and optimize die parameters.

• Showcase how engineering standards, design checklists, and best practices are applied and documented throughout the tooling design lifecycle.

• Detail the process for integrating advanced features like in-die sensing, die protection systems, and automation interfaces into tooling designs.

• Explain the process for managing tooling projects, including scope definition, resource planning, scheduling, risk assessment, and supplier coordination.

📝 Enhancement Note: For a role focused on advanced tool design and management, a portfolio is crucial for demonstrating practical application of skills. It should not only showcase finished designs but also the methodologies, problem-solving approaches, and process optimization strategies employed. The emphasis on simulation and advanced features is key.

💵 Compensation & Benefits

Salary Range:

The base salary for this role is not explicitly advertised. However, based on the experience level (12+ years in die design, 5+ years in leadership), the advanced technical requirements (SolidWorks, Logopress, simulation), and the location in New Kensington, PA, a competitive salary range for an Advanced Tool Design Manager is estimated to be between $130,000 and $180,000 annually. This estimate accounts for the specialized nature of the role, management responsibilities, and regional cost of living.

Benefits:

• Comprehensive Health Coverage: Medical, Dental, and Vision insurance plans.

• Retirement Savings: 401(k) plan with a company match, supporting long-term financial planning.

• Work-Life Balance: Paid Time Off (PTO) for vacation, personal days, and sick leave.

• Professional Development: Tuition Reimbursement program to support continued education and skill enhancement.

• Employee Support: Employee Assistance Program (EAP) offering confidential counseling and support services.

• Income Protection: Short-Term Disability insurance to provide income replacement during short periods of disability.

• Life & Accident Insurance: Group Life and Accidental Insurance policies to provide financial security for employees and their beneficiaries.

Working Hours:

The typical working hours for this role are 40 hours per week, consistent with a full-time, on-site management position. Flexibility may be available based on project demands and team needs, but the core expectation is standard business hours to ensure effective team leadership and operational oversight.

📝 Enhancement Note: The salary estimate is based on industry benchmarks for senior engineering management roles in manufacturing, specifically in tool design, in the US. The benefits listed are standard for a company of this size and industry, with particular emphasis on professional development and financial security.

🎯 Team & Company Context

🏢 Company Culture

Industry: Weiss-Aug operates within the Manufacturing sector, specifically focusing on Precision Metal Stamping, Thermoplastic Molding, and Value-Added Assembly Solutions. They serve diverse industries including medical, aerospace & defense, automotive, interconnect, telecommunications, and consumer goods. This positions them at the intersection of advanced manufacturing technologies and critical supply chains.

Company Size: Weiss-Aug is a medium-to-large enterprise, with advanced facilities across the U.S. and Mexico and over 50 years of operation. This size suggests a stable organization with established processes but also room for innovation and impact. For operations professionals, this means access to resources and established systems, but also the opportunity to influence and drive change within specific functions.

Founded: Founded over 50 years ago, Weiss-Aug has a long-standing history and deep expertise in its specialized manufacturing areas. This longevity implies a commitment to quality, customer relationships, and adaptability in a dynamic industrial landscape.

Team Structure:

• The Advanced Tool Design team is likely composed of experienced Tool Designers, Tool Engineers, and technical specialists who report to the Manager.

• This manager will report to a higher-level executive, potentially the Director of Engineering, VP of Operations, or Chief Technology Officer, depending on the organizational hierarchy.

• Close collaboration is expected with Product Development, Manufacturing Engineering, Operations, Quality Assurance, Supply Chain, the Tool Room, and the Automation team. Methodology:

• Data Analysis: The role emphasizes data-driven root cause analysis and the use of simulation technologies, indicating a reliance on quantitative methods for problem-solving and process optimization.

• Workflow Planning: Managing complex tooling programs from concept to launch requires robust workflow planning, scheduling, and resource allocation methodologies.

• Automation & Efficiency: A key focus is on integrating automation, smart manufacturing technologies, and die protection systems to enhance efficiency, reliability, and scalability.

Company Website: https://www.weiss-aug.com/ (Assuming this based on domain_derived)

📝 Enhancement Note: The company's long history and diverse industry focus suggest a stable yet innovative environment. The emphasis on advanced technologies and cross-functional collaboration is key for operations professionals to understand.

📈 Career & Growth Analysis

Operations Career Level: This role represents a senior-level management position within the manufacturing operations and engineering domain. It requires a deep technical specialization in tooling design and a proven track record in leading teams and complex projects. It's a critical role that directly influences product quality, manufacturing efficiency, and cost-competitiveness.

Reporting Structure: The Advanced Tool Design Manager will likely report to a Director of Engineering, VP of Manufacturing, or a similar senior operational leadership role. They will, in turn, manage a team of specialized engineers and designers. This structure places the role in a strategic position to influence tooling strategy and execution.

Operations Impact: The impact of this role is significant. Effective tool design directly translates to:

• Product Quality: Ensuring parts meet stringent specifications and tolerances.

• Manufacturing Efficiency: Optimizing cycle times, reducing scrap, and minimizing downtime.

• Cost Reduction: Lowering tooling costs, reducing tryout time, and improving material utilization.

• Scalability: Enabling high-volume production and supporting new product introductions.

• Innovation: Driving the adoption of advanced technologies that provide a competitive edge.

Growth Opportunities:

• Leadership Advancement: Potential to move into higher-level engineering management roles (e.g., Director of Engineering, VP of Operations) or specialized technical leadership positions focusing on broader manufacturing technology strategies.

• Skill Specialization: Opportunities to deepen expertise in areas like advanced simulation, automation integration, smart manufacturing, or specific high-complexity tooling applications.

• Cross-Functional Exposure: Potential to move into roles within Product Development, Manufacturing Engineering, or even operational leadership roles that require a strong understanding of tooling and production processes.

• Industry Recognition: Contributing to innovative tooling solutions could lead to industry recognition or opportunities to present at manufacturing technology conferences.

📝 Enhancement Note: This role is a clear path for experienced tool designers to transition into management, impacting strategic decisions and driving technological advancements within a well-established manufacturing company.

🌐 Work Environment

Office Type: This is an On-site role located at the New Kensington, PA facility. The environment will likely be a blend of office space for design work, meetings, and management tasks, and direct access to manufacturing floors, tool rooms, and engineering labs for hands-on work, observation, and collaboration.

Office Location(s):

• New Kensington, PA: 148 Prominence Dr., New Kensington, PA 15068. This location is likely a significant manufacturing and engineering hub for Weiss-Aug. Proximity to Pittsburgh and other industrial centers in Western Pennsylvania is a benefit.

Workspace Context:

• Collaborative Environment: The role demands close collaboration with various engineering disciplines and operational teams. Expect dynamic interactions, regular meetings, and shared project work.

• Tools & Technology: Access to high-performance workstations with specialized CAD/CAM/CAE software (SolidWorks, Logopress, simulation tools), as well as exposure to advanced manufacturing equipment like high-precision presses, automation systems, and metrology tools.

• Team Interaction: Frequent interaction with direct reports (designers, engineers), peers in Manufacturing Engineering and Operations, and management. Opportunities to observe and direct activities on the shop floor and in the tool room.

Work Schedule:

The standard work schedule is typically 40 hours per week. However, given the project-driven nature of tool design and launch support, there may be periods requiring extended hours or weekend work to meet critical deadlines, particularly during tool tryouts or production ramp-ups. This requires flexibility and a commitment to project success.

📝 Enhancement Note: The on-site nature of this role is critical for effective management of design teams and close collaboration with manufacturing and tool room personnel. The blend of office and shop-floor interaction is typical for this type of engineering management position.

📄 Application & Portfolio Review Process

Interview Process:

1. Initial Screening: HR or a recruiter will review applications, focusing on minimum qualifications and experience alignment.

2. Hiring Manager Interview: A discussion with the Advanced Tool Design Manager or their direct supervisor to assess technical depth, leadership experience, and cultural fit. Expect questions about past projects, management style, and problem-solving approaches.

3. Technical Assessment/Portfolio Review: A dedicated session to review your portfolio. This is where you'll present case studies of your most impactful tooling design projects. Be prepared to discuss design decisions, simulation outcomes, challenges faced, and solutions implemented.

4. Cross-Functional Interviews: Meetings with key stakeholders from Manufacturing Engineering, Operations, Product Development, and potentially Quality Assurance. These interviews will focus on your ability to collaborate, understand broader business needs, and integrate tooling solutions into production.

5. Final Interview: Potentially with a senior executive (e.g., VP of Operations, CTO) to discuss strategic vision, long-term impact, and overall fit with the company's goals.

Portfolio Review Tips:

• Curate Strategically: Select 3-5 projects that best showcase your expertise in complex progressive die design, simulation, problem-solving, and leadership.

Prioritize projects with measurable results (e.g., reduced tryout time, improved yield, cost savings).

• Structure Your Case Studies: For each project, clearly outline:

  • The Challenge: What was the specific problem or requirement?
  • Your Role & Approach: What was your responsibility, and what methodology did you employ (design, simulation, collaboration)?
  • The Solution: Detail the design innovations, simulation findings, and key decisions made.
  • The Results: Quantify the impact using metrics (e.g., % reduction in scrap, % increase in throughput, cost savings).
  • Key Learnings: What did you learn from the project?

• Demonstrate Technical Proficiency: Be ready to walk through specific aspects of your designs, explain your use of SolidWorks and Logopress, and articulate the nuances of your simulation analysis.

• Highlight Leadership: For projects where you managed a team, emphasize your role in delegating, mentoring, and driving the team towards successful outcomes.

• Prepare for Questions: Anticipate questions about trade-offs, alternative solutions, and how you handle conflicting priorities or difficult stakeholders.

Challenge Preparation:

• Process Optimization Scenario: You might be given a hypothetical manufacturing issue related to tooling or stamping and asked to outline your approach to diagnose and resolve it. Focus on your systematic problem-solving process.

• Design Review Simulation: You could be asked to review a partial die design or strip layout and provide constructive feedback, identifying potential issues and suggesting improvements.

• Strategic Question: Be prepared to discuss your vision for advancing tool design capabilities, implementing new technologies (e.g., smart manufacturing), or improving team performance.

📝 Enhancement Note: The emphasis on a portfolio review and technical assessment is critical for this role. Candidates should meticulously prepare to showcase their design expertise, problem-solving skills, and leadership capabilities through concrete examples.

🛠 Tools & Technology Stack

Primary Tools:

• SolidWorks: Essential for 3D modeling of dies, components, and assemblies. Proficiency in advanced surfacing, assembly management, and possibly SolidWorks Simulation.

• Logopress: A critical plugin for SolidWorks specifically designed for progressive die design, strip layout, and die component creation. Expert-level use is mandated.

• Advanced Engineering Software (Simulation): This likely includes Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software for metal forming simulation (e.g., AutoForm, Simufact Forming, DEFORM, or integrated SolidWorks Simulation modules) to predict material behavior, optimize die geometry, and identify potential defects.

Analytics & Reporting:

• Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) / ERP Data: While not explicitly listed, access to and understanding of data from these systems is crucial for root cause analysis and performance tracking.

• Data Analysis Tools: Proficiency with tools like Microsoft Excel (advanced functions, pivot tables), and potentially BI tools (e.g., Tableau, Power BI) for analyzing manufacturing data, identifying trends, and reporting on KPIs.

• Simulation Reporting: Ability to generate and interpret detailed reports from simulation software.

CRM & Automation:

• Project Management Software: Tools like Microsoft Project, Asana, Jira, or similar for managing project timelines, tasks, and resources.

• PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) Systems: May be used for managing design data, revisions, and documentation.

• Integration Technologies: Understanding how tooling integrates with automated systems (e.g., sensor data integration with PLCs, robotic cell coordination) is important.

📝 Enhancement Note: The core technical stack revolves around advanced CAD/CAE for die design and simulation. Proficiency in these specific tools is non-negotiable for success in this role.

👥 Team Culture & Values

Operations Values:

• Excellence & Innovation: A drive to achieve the highest standards in tooling design and manufacturing, coupled with a proactive approach to adopting new technologies and methodologies.

• Continuous Improvement: A commitment to constantly refining processes, designs, and team performance to enhance efficiency, quality, and cost-effectiveness.

• Collaboration & Teamwork: A strong emphasis on working effectively across departments (Product Development, Manufacturing, Quality, Automation) to achieve common goals.

• Data-Driven Decision Making: Utilizing data from simulations, manufacturing analytics, and performance metrics to inform design choices, problem-solving, and strategic planning.

• Accountability: Taking ownership of tooling projects from conception through production, ensuring successful outcomes and a commitment to quality and delivery.

Collaboration Style:

• Cross-Functional Integration: The role necessitates seamless collaboration with diverse engineering and operational teams. This involves active listening, clear communication of technical requirements, and a willingness to understand and address the needs of other departments.

• Process Review Culture: An environment that encourages open discussion and constructive feedback on designs, processes, and performance metrics, leading to shared learning and improvement.

• Knowledge Sharing: Practices that facilitate the dissemination of best practices, lessons learned, and technical expertise within the design team and across the organization.

📝 Enhancement Note: Weiss-Aug's culture appears to value technical rigor, collaborative problem-solving, and a forward-thinking approach to manufacturing technology. Operations professionals should align with these values to thrive.

⚡ Challenges & Growth Opportunities

Challenges:

• Complexity of Tooling: Designing intricate progressive dies for high-volume production with demanding material properties and tight tolerances presents ongoing technical challenges.

• Integration of Advanced Technologies: Successfully implementing and integrating new simulation tools, automation, and smart manufacturing concepts into existing workflows requires careful planning, training, and change management.

• Balancing Speed and Quality: Meeting aggressive project timelines for new product introductions while ensuring the highest quality and robustness of tooling can create pressure.

• Cross-Functional Alignment: Ensuring all stakeholders (design, manufacturing, quality, automation) are aligned on tooling requirements and performance expectations requires strong communication and negotiation skills.

• Developing Technical Talent: Mentoring and developing a team of specialized designers and engineers to keep pace with evolving technologies and industry demands.

Learning & Development Opportunities:

• Advanced Simulation Techniques: Deepening expertise in specific FEA software for complex forming scenarios, material science, and process optimization.

• Automation & Smart Manufacturing: Gaining hands-on experience and knowledge in integrating sensors, PLCs, robotics, and IIoT solutions with tooling.

• Leadership & Management Skills: Formal training or mentorship in advanced leadership, project management, and strategic planning.

• Industry Conferences & Certifications: Opportunities to attend leading manufacturing and tooling technology conferences, and pursue relevant certifications (e.g., advanced Six Sigma).

• Cross-Functional Exposure: Potential to gain deeper insights into product development, manufacturing operations, and quality systems through project involvement.

📝 Enhancement Note: The challenges are inherent to advanced manufacturing and leadership roles, offering significant opportunities for professional growth and skill development in cutting-edge areas of tooling and automation.

💡 Interview Preparation

Strategy Questions:

• "Describe your philosophy for leading a team of tool designers. How do you foster innovation and ensure technical excellence?" (Focus on management style, team development, and quality assurance.)

• "Walk me through a complex progressive die design project where you faced significant challenges. What was the challenge, how did you approach it, what was the outcome, and what did you learn?" (Prepare a detailed case study for your portfolio review.)

• "How do you balance the need for speed in tooling development with the requirement for robust, high-quality, and scalable solutions?" (Discuss your process for risk assessment, trade-offs, and prioritization.)

• "Describe a time you had to collaborate with manufacturing or automation engineers to resolve a tooling-related production issue. What was your role, and how did you achieve resolution?" (Highlight collaboration skills and problem-solving methodology.) Company & Culture Questions:

• "Based on what you know about Weiss-Aug, how do you see your expertise in advanced tool design contributing to our mission and values?" (Research company mission, values, and recent news/products.)

• "How do you approach setting engineering standards and ensuring they are adopted and followed by your team and potentially external suppliers?" (Demonstrate understanding of process governance and quality control.)

• "What are your thoughts on the role of simulation and data analytics in modern tool design and manufacturing?" (Showcase your technical vision and alignment with the company's emphasis on advanced technologies.) Portfolio Presentation Strategy:

• Storytelling: Frame your portfolio presentations as compelling narratives. Clearly articulate the problem, your innovative solution, and the tangible business impact.

• Quantify Everything: Use specific numbers and metrics to demonstrate the value of your work (e.g., "reduced tryout time by 30%", "increased part yield by 5%", "saved $X in tooling rework").

• Visuals are Key: Utilize high-quality renderings, diagrams, simulation outputs, and photos of actual tooling to make your presentation engaging and informative.

• Be Prepared for Deep Dives: Anticipate in-depth questions about specific design choices, simulation parameters, material properties, and troubleshooting steps.

• Connect to Weiss-Aug: Whenever possible, subtly tie your experiences and proposed solutions back to the challenges and opportunities relevant to Weiss-Aug's business and industries.

📝 Enhancement Note: Interview preparation should focus on showcasing both deep technical expertise in tooling and effective leadership/collaboration skills. The portfolio review is a critical component, requiring meticulous preparation and clear articulation of impact.

📌 Application Steps

To apply for this Advanced Tool Design Manager position:

• Submit your application through the provided link on the recruiting.paylocity.com platform.

• Customize Your Resume: Tailor your resume to highlight your 12+ years of progressive stamping die design experience and 5+ years of leadership experience. Ensure keywords like "Progressive Die Design," "SolidWorks," "Logopress," "Metal Forming," "Simulation," "Project Management," and "Team Leadership" are prominent. Quantify achievements wherever possible.

• Prepare Your Portfolio: Compile a professional portfolio showcasing 3-5 of your most impactful tooling design projects. Focus on complex progressive dies, innovative solutions, simulation applications, and measurable results. Organize it logically with clear project descriptions, design visuals, and outcome data.

• Practice Your Presentation: Rehearse your portfolio walkthrough. Be ready to clearly articulate challenges, your design process, the impact of simulation, and the results achieved for each project. Practice explaining technical details concisely.

• Research Weiss-Aug: Understand their core business, the industries they serve, their commitment to innovation, and their values. Prepare to discuss how your skills and experience align with their strategic goals and operational needs.

⚠️ Important Notice: This enhanced job description includes AI-generated insights and operations industry-standard assumptions. All details should be verified directly with the hiring organization before making application decisions.